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Global natural gas reserves of over 6,000 Tcf would suggest abundant supplies to meet continuing increases in demand. Yet, like oil, it is a non-renewable resource. As society comprehends the inevitable decline of fossil fuels and the impacts of carbon dioxide emissions, energy utilities and consumers are realizing the significance of long-term energy sustainability and the expanding role of natural gas.

Whenever one focuses on gas or fluid measurement, he or she will eventually discover an abnormal condition at a measurement station. Invariably someone will ask, “What effect will this have on measurement?” A student of measurement may spend years answering this question.

One of the biggest problems encountered in measuring natural gas flows occurs when liquids flow with the gas. Traditional gas meters are not designed to cope with such wet gas flows. Therefore, wet gas flow testing facilities are also of increasing importance to the industry.

The world’s drive for energy has put oil and gas flow measurement in the spotlight. Rising oil prices, along with increasing prices for natural gas, have made it more important to oil and gas producers, distributors and end-users to have accurate and reliable measurements of flow. As many of the world’s economies recover from a severe recession, demands for energy are increasing.

Natural gas production creates a byproduct of natural gas liquids (or NGL), often referred to as “condensate.” The physical properties of condensate vary with the hydrocarbon constituents and differing fluid vapor pressures depending on the deposit at the location from which they are drawn. This constituent variation and the presence of water or natural gas in the flow stream discharge from the separator compromises the integrity of the measurement.

People who turn valves that only the utility should operate, or who install unauthorized connections to divert gas around meters and into their homes or businesses are not only breaking the law, they are also endangering property and lives. Tampering with a gas meter or natural gas line could cause property damage and fatal injury from asphyxiation, explosion or fire.

When it became necessary to dredge and deepen the Bacino di Evoluzione No. 3 ship canal in Venice to accommodate larger ships, an existing IES (Italiana Energia e Servizi S.p.A.) oil pipeline crossing the canal had to be relocated.

Snelson Companies, Inc. was contracted to construct compressor station facilities, a 26.8-mile, 30-inch gas transmission pipeline, a gathering line and related items in connection with the development of a natural gas underground storage facility located in Madera County, CA known as the Gill Ranch Storage Project.

Horizontal directional drills are commonly used when it’s either impractical or impossible to dig a trench, such as under a highway, body of water, or railroad. The basic process consists of drilling a pilot hole, reaming it to the appropriate size, and pulling the new section of pipe back through the bore.

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